Sometimes teaching at my magnet arts school in Alabama, I can imagine the worst days of racism and intolerance are behind us. Most of the roughly 500 students have genuine, deep friendships across racial lines and very rarely do the old racist memes and tropes raise their ugly heads.
In this text, we learn about James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, who obtained his freedom only for a creditor to threaten him with enslavement. The text describes his experience working off his debt by privateering in the Caribbean while he expressed his dream to relocate to London, England.
Newspaper article describing Black laborers’ frustration with the mainstream labor movement and the 1972 formation of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
This Appeal editorial from 1893 refutes the description in the Chicago Herald of conditions experienced by African Americans while traveling on Southern railroads.