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By the time the first few Mormon families moved back into Jackson County in 1867, old hostilities no longer threatened their freedom or safety. Nonetheless, Gov. Boggs' Extermination Order remained on the books more than a century, until a subsequent governor made this proclamation in 1976.

Preceding the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Mendez v. Westminster challenged the segregation of Mexican Americans in schools in Orange County, California.

William Lloyd Garrison’s "Inaugural Editorial" was published in the first issue of The Liberator, an influential radical abolitionist newspaper, on January 1, 1831.

This is the transcript of “On Indian Removal,” a message presented by President Andrew Jackson to Congress on December 6, 1830. In this address, Jackson makes the case for the policy set forth in the Indian Removal Act.

Medical and legal inspections were the first of many tests immigrants would have to pass on their arduous journey to establish lives in the United States.

With the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln freed all enslaved people in “rebellious” states, forbid the military from repressing their freedom and sanctioned their military service for Union forces. This decree made emancipation a clear objective of the American Civil War.

In this court case, the United States Supreme Court ruled Congress' act to ban slavery in federal territories unconstitutional and determined that no person of African descent was a citizen of the United States.