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One of the earliest assaults on segregated transit in the South occurred in Louisville, Ky., in 1870-71. There, the city’s black community organized a successful protest that relied on nonviolent direct action, a tactic that would give shape to the modern civil rights movement nearly a century later.

A map of the United States with shading to indicate slave states, free states and territories, with details such as the states’ representation in Congress and their number of enslaved people.

This Reconstruction-era broadside shows the ways in which African Americans were intimidated and threatened in order to maintain a racially stratified society.